Bentonite-building materials are referred to as materials that are used naturally or artificially in the construction industry. Natural materials are extracted from land mines and artificial materials are produced using new technologies. Nowadays some artificial materials have more durability and resistance than natural materials and do not suffer from atmospheric weather conditions. Building a solid structure should be based on knowledge of building materials and their properties. When choosing building materials, it is very important to pay attention to their properties and properties, because in the case of poor material selection, the useful life of the structure will be reduced and will be damaged in the short term. In general, building materials have physical, chemical and mechanical properties:
Physical Properties
The physical properties refer to all that is related to the appearance of the material, including mass, weight, porosity, color, density, dimensions, and so on. In addition, these properties include properties such as water and moisture impermeability, heat resistance and freezing and reaction to atmospheric conditions.
Chemical Properties
The chemical properties of chemicals affect the materials, such as acids and bases, oils, water, salts, solvents, etc. In addition, these properties also analyze the chemical impact of adjacent materials.
mechanical properties
The mechanical properties of the tensile strength, shear, torsional and compressive strength of the materials are evaluated. These properties study the hardness of materials and material deformation due to the load loaded and the properties of the hammering materials and their strength.
Today, with the advancement of technology, many measures have been taken to raise the quality of materials. Nanotechnology is one of the technologies used to improve the performance of materials, which plays an important role in increasing the life of the structure and energy storage. Today, due to lack of energy resources, storage is very important, especially in the construction sector, where a high percentage of energy is consumed in commercial, office and residential buildings. Construction engineers and construction specialists have implemented multiple programs to increase the strength of the building and the performance of the materials, adding nanoparticles to building materials, including these programs. Adding nanoparticles to materials such as metal, cement, and concrete will enhance the properties of heat resistance, tensile strength, cleanability and self-healing properties. Among the nanoparticles that make such properties in the materials are as follows:
carbon nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes increase the mechanical strength of the cement and its durability against wear. In addition to adding these nanoparticles to ceramics, it increases mechanical and thermal properties. Carbon nanotubes are classified into two categories:
Single-walled nanotubes: In a graphite arrangement, these nanoparticles are used only from a carbon wall.
Multi-wall nanotubes: These nanoparticles are composed of two or more graphite sheets along their length.
silicon nanoparticles
These nanoparticles are added to concrete, ceramics and glass. By adding silicon nanoparticles to concrete, its mechanical strength increases and corrosion is enhanced by acidic materials. If these particles are added to the ceramic, the amount of light transmission in them will increase and in addition to become an anti-fire ceramic. In the structure of fireproof glasses, a thin layer of silicon nanoparticles is placed between two glass plates, which increases the resistance of the glass to heat.
silver nanoparticles
These nanoparticles are used in paints and coatings and prevent fungal and bacterial activity. If silver nanoparticles are used in the coatings of the building, this will be immune to the contamination and growth of microbes.
copper nanoparticles
These nanoparticles are added to the steel and it resists against rust and enhances its formability and formability.
titanium dioxide nanoparticles
If these nanoparticles are added to concrete, its hydration speed will be increased and protected against contamination and bacteria. These particles, through photocatalytic reactions, can clean up pollutants and organic compounds, which is why they are used in the manufacture of glasses used for interior and exterior design of the building. These glasses are anti-stained and dust-free and do not remain contaminated with them. In addition, titanium dioxide nanoparticles are added to cement and paint.
iron oxide nanoparticles
These materials increase the strength of concrete and increase its durability against erosion. If the oxide nanoparticles are It will be possible to monitor the concrete tensile strength by measuring the shear electrical resistance.